Thursday, June 6, 2013

Organ System Integration

Frog:

A frog's skin can absorb water and oxygen, integrating with its respiratory system. The frog's skin is an absorbent surface, allowing the frog to intake more than 25% of its daily oxygen supply and to exhale most of the carbon dioxide produced. The skin is covered with a layer of mucus, allowing it to absorb oxygen from the air. A frog's skin is thin, with blood vessels close to the surface for transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide. This relationship is advantageous for frogs, as it is the only form of respiration they use while hibernating.

http://www.biologyjunction.com/images/frog_d4.gif

Organ System Integration

Pig's cells need Oxygen to function. The musculoskeletal system and the respiratory system work together to bring Oxygen to cells. The diaphragm, a muscle of the musculoskeletal system, pulls down on the lungs, a component of the respiratory system, creating negative pressure inside the lungs, filling them with air (which contains Oxygen), which is then transported to cells by the blood of the circulatory system. Another problem which this organ duo solves is moving cell waste out of the body. As the diaphragm relaxes, the pressure inside the lungs forces waste CO2, which the blood brought to the lungs, up the trachea and out of the body.

http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_sEJAOvZB4Kg/TNiV5FP1QlI/AAAAAAAAAoI/8rlrWo14AYs/s1600/Experiment+10+-+Dissection+of+a+Fetal+Pig+(Basic+Structures)+(3).jpg

http://www.vancouverhumanesociety.bc.ca/wp-content/uploads/Piglet.jpg

Pig Organ System Integration

The Circulatory and Respiratory system of pigs work together to ensure that there is a healthy pH level within the body. In the Circulatory system, if there is too much CO2 in the blood, the acidity will rise. But to keep that level of acidity from increasing, the Respiratory system increases the breathing rate. Because its respiratory rate increases, there is less CO2 circulating throughout the body, and the body maintains homeostasis.

SHIDS SHQUIDS

The lungs draw water into the mantle to be able to breath, and at the same time, if the Squid detects a threat, it forms a water tight seal between the mantle and the body of the squid, and contracts the muscles in the mantle, creating a large amount of pressure. There is only one way out for the water after the seal has been formed, and that is through the siphon. This creates a large jet stream of water, allowing the squid to evade predators quickly and effectively.

"organ system integration"

Within mantle of squid

propulsion, respiratory, reproduction

Propulsion: mantle, body cavity is a bellow. High pressure water is "shot" out of siphon causing the squid to move in the opposite direction. Function: get away from predators.

Respiratory: breathing - take in water into body cavity. Ctenidium like lungs - take in oxygen from water

Reproduction: In in body cavity, from testis, create spermatophores. In the photo below, of a male squid, the testis is the white sac near the top of the squid. This then releases spermatozoa which float into the spermatophoric gland which then gathers the spermatozoa and put them into sacs ready to be put into a female squid. Function: reproduction.

Organ System Integration

The circulatory system in fetal pigs acts as the mode of transportation for the endocrine system. The endocrine system uses hormones to target specific organs to promote the growth and development in pigs, and these hormones are secreted into the bloodstream, where they are then carried around the body via the circulatory system to where in the body they are designed for. For example, the hormone Pregnant Mare's-serum Gonadotropin (PMSG), which is secreted by the chorion into the bloodstream, promotes the development of a fertile oestrus cycle in fetal pigs. The circulatory system also carries vital oxygen via red blood cells and other nutrients throughout the body that is also needed in the growth of fetal pigs. The circulatory and endocrine systems work together to promote the growth of fetal pigs.

Organ System Integration

Starfish
The respiratory system and the circulatory system work together. Oxygen and other essential gases diffuse through the skin and enter circulatory system. The oxygen flows through the circulatory system and is captured by the respiratory system. The starfish "breathes" and releases Carbon Dioxide in the same method.

Organ System Integration in Squids

The squid uses its mantle to support it's circulatory system, but also for locomotion and respiration. The negative pressure created in the mantle when the squid expands helps to move blood and sucks in oxygenated water. When the mantle contracts, it expels deoxygenated water which can also work as propulsion. Also the circulatory system works with the urinary system by using the nephron organ which acts as a kidney in the urinary system, but as a filter in the circulatory system.

Cool Fact!!! Squid blood is mainly made of copper, which is more abundant in the ocean. When the blood is oxygenated, it is blue, but when it is deoxygenated, it turns clear.

Integration

The frog has two ways of getting enough oxygen every day. Through their young age the frogs have water breathing gills until metamorphosis takes place and they form lungs to breath air. The frogs have external nares and pharynx which help them receive the air that fills their lungs. Along with their gills or lungs, the skin of the frogs is an absorbent respiratory surface. Their skin absorbs more than 25% of their daily oxygen and therefore intervenes with the gills or lungs and external nares to help the frog receive the necessary amount of oxygen to survive.

System Integration

Each of the sea star's legs has it's own primary nerve that allows it to think for itself. This allows for faster response to environment. This also allows for more efficiency when searching for prey. When it finds prey another system helps it. The cardiac stomach folds out to ingests it's pray. These two systems work together to allow the star fish to be nourished and have the energy to survive to reproduce.

How Organ Systems Integrate in a Squid

The squid uses its mantle, which manages both the respiratory and circulatory systems, to control both its breathing and its circulation. The mantle also allows the squid to move very fast in that it can expand its mantle, bringing in water, and then expel it very quickly through the siphon, creating a jet of water which can propel it very quickly forward. These systems integrate because when the squid breathes, it also moves through the same organ.

Organ System Integration

Starfish-

the starfish has multiple ways to get food into its body. The starfish is a carnivore and eats almost any animal. It mostly eats oysters, and it uses the suction from its tube feet to pry open the shell. It then puts it cardiac stomach outside its body to get the food from the oyster. Once its eaten enough food the stomach goes back into the body and moves to the other stomach (pyloric) to separate the indigestible from the digestible. Another way it uses its tube feet to find food is though smell and sight. Starfish don't have the best sight, but each of the five arms have smell. When one arm smells food all others give control to that arm to get to the food.

--
Kelsey Smith

Thursday, May 30, 2013

Fwd: Aves

---------- Forwarded message ----------
From: Bobrowicz, Jakub <jakub.bobrowicz@hanovernorwichschools.org>
Date: Thu, May 30, 2013 at 11:57 AM
Subject: Aves
To: thermanson1.vertabrates@blogger.com

Aves are feathered, winged, endothermic, bipedal vertebrates, more commonly known as birds. Most are able to fly, and all lay yolked, hard shelled eggs, and have a strong, light skeleton.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Hxy9Bzq-1j8

Fwd: Bony fish

---------- Forwarded message ----------
From: Lukovits, Karina
Date: Thursday, May 30, 2013
Subject: Bony fish
To: thermanson1.vertibrates@blogger.com

Bony fish (Osteichthyes) have bone instead if cartilage for their skeletons. The majority of fish fit into this category, making it the largest class and very diverse. They can therefore live in many places (freshwater and marine environments). They have a stable pattern of cranial bones and many have swim bladders. Examples are swordfish and tuna.

Image: http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Blue_runner.jpg

Source: http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bony_fish

Amphibia

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e4/Paratype_of_Paedophryne_amauensis_%28LSUMZ_95004%29.png

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7d/Frogspawn_closeup.jpg

Distinguishing features:

Undergo metamorphosis after birth, changing from larva into adults — exchange gills for lungs

Early ancestors of all tetrapods

Spawn form eggs, some containing green algae

Examples: frogs, salamanders

Phylum Chordata

Phylum: Chordata

Includes humans & other vertebrates

FOUR defining features:

1). A dorsal, hollow nerve chord.

2). A notochord, a flexible, supportive, longitudinal rod located between digestive tract & nerve cord.

3). Pharyngeal slits located in the pharynx (region just behind the mouth).

Sometimes used as gills

4). A muscular post-and tail (a tail posterior to the anus).

Deuterostome animals

Subphyla: mammals, fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds

Also include lancelets & tunicata

Echinoderm are chordates closest relatives

Consists of vertebrate & invertebrate animals

Chordata chondrichthyes

Chondrichthyes, more commonly known as cartilaginous fishes, are part of the phylum chordata. Their most distinguishing feature is that they have no bones in their body. Instead, they are comprised of completely cartilage. Other defining features include: jaws, paired fins and nostrils, scales, and chambered hearts. The most well-known cartilaginous fishes are sharks, but other species include rays, skates, and the interesting barrel-eyed fish.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Zoygy-8PTtU

Agnatha

Image: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3f/Lampetra_fluviatilis.jpg

Information: http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agnatha

Distinguishing features:

No jaws, no paired fins, have seven or more gill pouches, no identifiable stomach or appendages.

Examples:

Hagfish, lampreys

Molly and Julia

Reptilia

Amniotes- eggs have an amnion (double membrane) that permits embryo to breathe on land. Cold blooded, have scutes (external plate) or scale, tetrapod (4 legs), most are oviparous (egg laying).

Image: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Extant_reptilia.jpg/300px-Extant_reptilia.jpg

Info:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reptilia

Mammalia - Monotremes

Image and Info: http://www.neiu.edu/~mtaban/Mammals.html

Monotremes are mammals that lay eggs, are warm-blooded, and produce milk to feed their young. They are the most primitive mammals. They only live in Australia and New Guinea. They only have one hole for urinary waste, reproduction, and solid waste. Monotreme means "one-holed."

From,

Sarah Kohl and Katrina Wheelan

HAGFISH

Common Name: "no jaws"

Distinguishing features: Agnatha are characterized by lacking a jaw and by having a notochord (a flexible rod-shaped body) in both larvae and in adults. They also lack paired fins and they have seven or more paired gill pouches. They are cold blooded, and they have a cartilaginous skeleton. Agnatha do not have an identifiable stomach or any appendages. Fertilization and development are both external and their heart contains 2 chambers.

Examples include hagfish and lampreys.

Sources: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agnatha

https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgDvurCZyPjjaBl1eKyN2S9gEg2WNTM23fRTXQzw94WSEH01dufklD4l8rTqzO-OvGwpqTe7ayOFEa0DUld9B9AsgoGN7nGLtues7avDJCVT0m6nrTTbg-WURTTTNzbMh7OxaZqFBI3m3tD/s1600/Hagfish.jpg

Fwd: agnatha

---------- Forwarded message ----------
From: Lynch, Benjamin <benjamin.lynch@hanovernorwichschools.org>
Date: Thu, May 30, 2013 at 10:37 AM
Subject: agnatha
To: thermanson.1.vertebrates@blogger.com

HAGFISH

Common Name: "no jaws"

Examples include hagfish and lampreys.

Sources: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agnatha

Amphibians

Phylum: Chordata

Class: Amphibia

Common Name: "living both in water and on land"

Distinguishing Features:

- ectothermic- obtains heat from outside the body or cold blooded.

- tetrapods- "four-footed

- uses skin to breathe by diffusion

- has gills then goes through metamorphosis and obtains lungs

Example:

(in comparison to a U.S dime)

Paedophryne amauensis- the world's smallest frog.

Video: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GasE3eb58l0

Bony fish (Osteichthyes)

Class: Osteichthyes

Distinguishing Features:

Lower jaw connected to head in one piece

Eyes supported by a sclerotic ring of four small bones

Head and pectoral girdle covered in large dermal bones

Support fin with bone fin rays

Mucus gland to coat body

Examples: ocean sunfish, Atlantic blue marlin, giant grouper, lungfish, dwar

Our video is a lungfish, a unique type of bony fish in the sub category of actinopterygii, or ray finned fish. It has developed primitive lungs and can remain out of water for extended periods of time.

http://m.youtube.com/#/watch?v=D1UKHimLZao

mamalia- placentals

Placentals give birth to live, well developed young. The fetus is nourished by the placenta during development. Also, placentals have a wide opening at the bottom of their pelvis which allows them to birth to these more developed young. They also lack epipubic bones, and have differences in the bone structure of their feet and jaw.

https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHhJVziztPJw2KhSz0woYbrXdMzVWkRp5F7Jbb5PHgbyy6vnE15r2op0xXHyPuaz71sAwy_WIY109IT51pJkJuKxmKBFM_w9pxyP90IguNeQurw8cGJZNDQsdbduAsrGtmDb9BCUp9mU4/s1600/badgerPAL1804_468x319.jpg

Mamalia - Marsupials

Common Name: Marsupials

Distinguishing Features: Marsupials have hair, nurse their young, and give birth to relatively undeveloped young that are then carried by the mother for a period of time until it fully develops. They have pouches for giving birth and carrying their young. Marsupials lack a complex placenta, and their placenta is short-lived. Primarily, they live in the Southern Hemisphere.

Examples: Kangaroo, Wallaby, Koala, Tasmanian devil

tasmanian-devil_736_600x450.jpg

Kangaroo-facts-kangaroo-with-baby.jpg

koala-bear-is-astonished.jpg

Photo URLS:

http://images.nationalgeographic.com/wpf/media-live/photos/000/007/cache/tasmanian-devil_736_600x450.jpg

http://infactcollaborative.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/Kangaroo-facts-kangaroo-with-baby.jpg

http://www.tehcute.com/pics/201201/koala-bear-is-astonished.jpg

Info URL: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsupial

Video of hopping kangaroos: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CiydVHrkQp0

Monotremes

The common name for monotreme is "single hole". This class includes platypi and echidnas.

Some of the defining features of monotreme include laying eggs instead of live birth, lacking a corpus callosum (which connects the two hemispheres of the brain), and having only one hole for reproduction, urination, and defecation. Monotremes are the only mammals that lay eggs, but the egg remains inside the female for some time in order to be nourished. When the baby platypus hatches, it is fed by milk from it's mother.

Here is a video of an echidna walking:
http://youtu.be/980mzboCctg

Chordata

Chordates all have:

A bilateral body plan.

Notochord, (stiff rod of cartilage that extends along the inside of the body) Sometimes would develop into a spinal chord

A dorsal neural tube. (Spinal cord)

Pharyngeal slits.

Post-anal tail. A muscular tail that extends backwards behind the anus.

An endostyle. This is a groove in the ventral wall of the pharynx. In filter-feeding species it produces mucus to gather food particles.

Cartilaginous Fishes

Cartilaginous Fishes, scientifically named: Chondrichthyes

Phylum: Chordata

Distinguishing Features: jawed, paired fins, skeleton made of cartilage, no ribs (if they leave water, their body weight will crush their internal organs), no bone marrow - spleen makes RBC's, skin covered with dermal teeth, breath through 5-7 gills, mostly live births.

Examples: Saw Shark, Guitar Fish, Torpedo Electric Ray - can generate up to 200 volts!!

Video: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Si76DghMIkA

---

FC and AT

Reptilia

Phylum/Common Name	Class	Distinguishing features	examples
Reptile/Crawling- tiles	Reptilia	• lay eggs (protected by amnion) • reptiles incubate their eggs in sand, dirt or gravel while amphibians incubate their eggs solely in water • not mammal or bird • tetrapod vertebrate • ectotherm • scales (horny epidermis) creates a watertight seal and protects from drying out. This is the reason reptiles can live on land, unlike amphibians • dinosaurs were part of the reptile class before extinction •3 or 4 chambered heart •5 toes •lungs instead of gills (can breath on land)	Boa Constrictor <http://dangerousanimalswallpapers.blogspot.com/2013/01/cobra-snake-latest-hd-desktop.html> Crocodiles <http://www.serengetibook.com/crocodile-gallery/>

source of information:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reptile#Skin

http://www.animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu

http://www.entomology.cornell.edu/cals/entomology

The Venom Chronicles: Platypus Tales | Inside NOVA | PBS

This article talks about the venom of the platypus. An example of
coevolution of venom similar to a reptile. Very cool.

http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/insidenova/2011/03/the-venom-chronicles-platypus-tales.html

Chordata, Aves

Common name: birds

Description:

Endothermic

Vertebrate

Feathered

Winged

Egg laying

Light weight, strong skeleton

4 chambered heart

Beak, no teeth

Examples: penguin, peacock, flamingos

http://m.youtube.com/watch?v=ep6vmpcUQR8

Cartilaginous fishes

Cartilage is stiffer and less flexible than muscle, and is not as hard or rigid as bones. It does not heal.

Sci name:

Chondrichthyes

Common name: cartilaginous fishes.

Sharks are one example of cartilaginous fishes.

They do not have ribs; thus, if they went outside water their own body weight would crush them.

Thick skin.

Teeth evolved from sharp bony plates around their head, differently from other teeth:

No parental care after birth.

One example is the basking shark:

Another is the megalodon:

sources: https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj1buKJEElYgMhDV3l5MOU5bEN0EaSMg_Xf2hAryDb44435Ww3lKPC7PcgzccQEchN9Zx8WwBWjYg0JRgq_7y8PAaPRmdzQRYabaPtMT5shkH4MkuDquVI57HRGBcQQMTQRBHXxefLp3ns/s1600/basking_shark_mouth.jpg

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9e/VMNH_megalodon.jpg

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ee/Megalodon_tooth_great_white_shark_teeth_.jpg

Fwd: Chordata

---------- Forwarded message ----------
From: Keddy, Andrew <andrew.keddy@hanovernorwichschools.org>
Date: Thu, May 30, 2013 at 9:36 AM
Subject: Chordata
To: thermanson1.vertabrates@blogger.com

This group includes a large group of vertebrates. Some examples of chordates are sharks and frogs. All chordata have at some point these four attributes. Pharyngeal slits are slits in the neck and are often used as gills. A dorsal nerve cord is a group of nerve fibers along the back. A notochord which is rod running underneath and supports the spine. Finally the post anal tail which is an extension of the body past the anal opening.

Information

http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/chordata/chordata.html

Picture:

http://eol.org/pages/694/overview

Fwd: Agnatha

Common Name: 'No Jaws'

jawless, no paired fins, notochord (flexible rod-shaped body found in chordates, supports nerve cord like spine), gill pouches, pineal eye (third eye, light sensitive), no identifiable stomach or appendages, cold blooded, external fertilization and development, cartilaginous skeleton (rather than bone)

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7Zyfr-TtUA8

Placentals

Mamalia Eutheria - Placentals/Placental Mammals

Distinguishing Features: Mammals that give birth to live young, and the fetus develops in the mother's uterus. The placenta nourishes the fetus until it is born.

Placental mammals differ from marsupials in that the placentae of marsupials does not last as long nor is as significant to the nourishment of the fetus.

Examples: Armadillo, Whales, Humans

Kelsey Smith, Erika Smith, Sammie Westelman

Placental Mammals

Mamalia Eutheria - Placentals/Placental Mammals

Distinguishing Features: Mammals that give birth to live young, and the fetus develops in the mother's uterus. The placenta nourishes the fetus until it is born.

Placental mammals differ from marsupials in that the placentae of marsupials does not last as long nor is as significant to the nourishment of the fetus.

Examples: Armadillo, Whales, Humans

http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Notes/images/placenta/plMembraneW450.jpg

Kelsey Smith, Erika Smith, Sammie Westelman

Chordata/Bony Fish

Bony fish are a class in the phylum group chordata. They have rather bony skeletons rather than cartilaginous skeletons. They are the largest class of vertebrates in existence today. All bony fish posses gills as their sole or main means of respiration. Bone fishes are primitively cold blooded. Bony fish are covered in overlapping scales across their bodies. They also can see in color.

Re: Marsupials

our information source was http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsupial

On Thu, May 30, 2013 at 9:32 AM, Spinella, Megan <megan.spinella@hanovernorwichschools.org> wrote:

Sources: Image- http://animals.nationalgeographic.com/animals/mammals/gray-kangaroo/
Information-

Marsupials are of the mamalia class within the phylum of Chordata. This means they share the mamalian characteristics of being endothermic, having three middle ear bones and having mammary glands. What distinguishes marsupials from other mammals is that they give birth to undeveloped young and carry them in their pouch which contains multiple nipples and provides protection and sustenance for the young. Other characteristics are marsupials' ossified patellae are not present, the epipubic bones are present, and they have a gross lack of communication between the right and left hemispheres of their brain.

Common examples are kangaroos, koalas, and possums.

Marsupials

Sources: Image- http://animals.nationalgeographic.com/animals/mammals/gray-kangaroo/

Information-

Marsupials are of the mamalia class within the phylum of Chordata. This means they share the mamalian characteristics of being endothermic, having three middle ear bones and having mammary glands. What distinguishes marsupials from other mammals is that they give birth to undeveloped young and carry them in their pouch which contains multiple nipples and provides protection and sustenance for the young. Other characteristics are marsupials' ossified patellae are not present, the epipubic bones are present, and they have a gross lack of communication between the right and left hemispheres of their brain.

Common examples are kangaroos, koalas, and possums.

Mamalia: Monotremes

Monotremes are mammals that lay eggs rather than giving birth to their offspring. "Monotreme" literally means "single hole," which refers to the cloaca. Monotremes have less developed thermoregulation than other mammals. Examples include platypuses and echidnas, which means "spiny anteater."

http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tachyglossus_aculeatus_side_on.jpg

Amphibian--both life

Live in terrestrial, fossorial, arboreal, or fresh water ecosystem.
Require water for reproduction
Go through metamorphosis
Cold blooded
Examples: frog, salamander, road, newt