Thursday, May 30, 2013

Fwd: Aves

---------- Forwarded message ----------
From: Bobrowicz, Jakub <jakub.bobrowicz@hanovernorwichschools.org>
Date: Thu, May 30, 2013 at 11:57 AM
Subject: Aves
To: thermanson1.vertabrates@blogger.com

Aves are feathered, winged, endothermic, bipedal vertebrates, more commonly known as birds. Most are able to fly, and all lay yolked, hard shelled eggs, and have a strong, light skeleton.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Hxy9Bzq-1j8

---------- Forwarded message ----------
From: Lukovits, Karina
Date: Thursday, May 30, 2013
Subject: Bony fish
To: thermanson1.vertibrates@blogger.com

Bony fish (Osteichthyes) have bone instead if cartilage for their skeletons. The majority of fish fit into this category, making it the largest class and very diverse. They can therefore live in many places (freshwater and marine environments). They have a stable pattern of cranial bones and many have swim bladders. Examples are swordfish and tuna.

Image: http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Blue_runner.jpg

Source: http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bony_fish

Amphibia

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e4/Paratype_of_Paedophryne_amauensis_%28LSUMZ_95004%29.png

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7d/Frogspawn_closeup.jpg

Distinguishing features:

Undergo metamorphosis after birth, changing from larva into adults — exchange gills for lungs

Early ancestors of all tetrapods

Spawn form eggs, some containing green algae

Examples: frogs, salamanders

Phylum Chordata

Phylum: Chordata

Includes humans & other vertebrates

FOUR defining features:

1). A dorsal, hollow nerve chord.

2). A notochord, a flexible, supportive, longitudinal rod located between digestive tract & nerve cord.

3). Pharyngeal slits located in the pharynx (region just behind the mouth).

Sometimes used as gills

4). A muscular post-and tail (a tail posterior to the anus).

Deuterostome animals

Subphyla: mammals, fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds

Also include lancelets & tunicata

Echinoderm are chordates closest relatives

Consists of vertebrate & invertebrate animals

Chordata chondrichthyes

Chondrichthyes, more commonly known as cartilaginous fishes, are part of the phylum chordata. Their most distinguishing feature is that they have no bones in their body. Instead, they are comprised of completely cartilage. Other defining features include: jaws, paired fins and nostrils, scales, and chambered hearts. The most well-known cartilaginous fishes are sharks, but other species include rays, skates, and the interesting barrel-eyed fish.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Zoygy-8PTtU

Agnatha

Image: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3f/Lampetra_fluviatilis.jpg

Information: http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agnatha

Distinguishing features:

No jaws, no paired fins, have seven or more gill pouches, no identifiable stomach or appendages.

Examples:

Hagfish, lampreys

Molly and Julia

Reptilia

Amniotes- eggs have an amnion (double membrane) that permits embryo to breathe on land. Cold blooded, have scutes (external plate) or scale, tetrapod (4 legs), most are oviparous (egg laying).

Image: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Extant_reptilia.jpg/300px-Extant_reptilia.jpg

Info:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reptilia

Mammalia - Monotremes

Image and Info: http://www.neiu.edu/~mtaban/Mammals.html

Monotremes are mammals that lay eggs, are warm-blooded, and produce milk to feed their young. They are the most primitive mammals. They only live in Australia and New Guinea. They only have one hole for urinary waste, reproduction, and solid waste. Monotreme means "one-holed."

From,

Sarah Kohl and Katrina Wheelan

HAGFISH

Common Name: "no jaws"

Distinguishing features: Agnatha are characterized by lacking a jaw and by having a notochord (a flexible rod-shaped body) in both larvae and in adults. They also lack paired fins and they have seven or more paired gill pouches. They are cold blooded, and they have a cartilaginous skeleton. Agnatha do not have an identifiable stomach or any appendages. Fertilization and development are both external and their heart contains 2 chambers.

Examples include hagfish and lampreys.

Sources: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agnatha

https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgDvurCZyPjjaBl1eKyN2S9gEg2WNTM23fRTXQzw94WSEH01dufklD4l8rTqzO-OvGwpqTe7ayOFEa0DUld9B9AsgoGN7nGLtues7avDJCVT0m6nrTTbg-WURTTTNzbMh7OxaZqFBI3m3tD/s1600/Hagfish.jpg

Fwd: agnatha

---------- Forwarded message ----------
From: Lynch, Benjamin <benjamin.lynch@hanovernorwichschools.org>
Date: Thu, May 30, 2013 at 10:37 AM
Subject: agnatha
To: thermanson.1.vertebrates@blogger.com

HAGFISH

Common Name: "no jaws"

Examples include hagfish and lampreys.

Sources: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agnatha

Amphibians

Phylum: Chordata

Class: Amphibia

Common Name: "living both in water and on land"

Distinguishing Features:

- ectothermic- obtains heat from outside the body or cold blooded.

- tetrapods- "four-footed

- uses skin to breathe by diffusion

- has gills then goes through metamorphosis and obtains lungs

Example:

(in comparison to a U.S dime)

Paedophryne amauensis- the world's smallest frog.

Video: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GasE3eb58l0

Bony fish (Osteichthyes)

Class: Osteichthyes

Distinguishing Features:

Lower jaw connected to head in one piece

Eyes supported by a sclerotic ring of four small bones

Head and pectoral girdle covered in large dermal bones

Support fin with bone fin rays

Mucus gland to coat body

Examples: ocean sunfish, Atlantic blue marlin, giant grouper, lungfish, dwar

Our video is a lungfish, a unique type of bony fish in the sub category of actinopterygii, or ray finned fish. It has developed primitive lungs and can remain out of water for extended periods of time.

http://m.youtube.com/#/watch?v=D1UKHimLZao

mamalia- placentals

Placentals give birth to live, well developed young. The fetus is nourished by the placenta during development. Also, placentals have a wide opening at the bottom of their pelvis which allows them to birth to these more developed young. They also lack epipubic bones, and have differences in the bone structure of their feet and jaw.

https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHhJVziztPJw2KhSz0woYbrXdMzVWkRp5F7Jbb5PHgbyy6vnE15r2op0xXHyPuaz71sAwy_WIY109IT51pJkJuKxmKBFM_w9pxyP90IguNeQurw8cGJZNDQsdbduAsrGtmDb9BCUp9mU4/s1600/badgerPAL1804_468x319.jpg

Mamalia - Marsupials

Common Name: Marsupials

Distinguishing Features: Marsupials have hair, nurse their young, and give birth to relatively undeveloped young that are then carried by the mother for a period of time until it fully develops. They have pouches for giving birth and carrying their young. Marsupials lack a complex placenta, and their placenta is short-lived. Primarily, they live in the Southern Hemisphere.

Examples: Kangaroo, Wallaby, Koala, Tasmanian devil

tasmanian-devil_736_600x450.jpg

Kangaroo-facts-kangaroo-with-baby.jpg

koala-bear-is-astonished.jpg

Photo URLS:

http://images.nationalgeographic.com/wpf/media-live/photos/000/007/cache/tasmanian-devil_736_600x450.jpg

http://infactcollaborative.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/Kangaroo-facts-kangaroo-with-baby.jpg

http://www.tehcute.com/pics/201201/koala-bear-is-astonished.jpg

Info URL: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsupial

Video of hopping kangaroos: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CiydVHrkQp0

Monotremes

The common name for monotreme is "single hole". This class includes platypi and echidnas.

Some of the defining features of monotreme include laying eggs instead of live birth, lacking a corpus callosum (which connects the two hemispheres of the brain), and having only one hole for reproduction, urination, and defecation. Monotremes are the only mammals that lay eggs, but the egg remains inside the female for some time in order to be nourished. When the baby platypus hatches, it is fed by milk from it's mother.

Here is a video of an echidna walking:
http://youtu.be/980mzboCctg

Chordata

Chordates all have:

A bilateral body plan.

Notochord, (stiff rod of cartilage that extends along the inside of the body) Sometimes would develop into a spinal chord

A dorsal neural tube. (Spinal cord)

Pharyngeal slits.

Post-anal tail. A muscular tail that extends backwards behind the anus.

An endostyle. This is a groove in the ventral wall of the pharynx. In filter-feeding species it produces mucus to gather food particles.

Cartilaginous Fishes

Cartilaginous Fishes, scientifically named: Chondrichthyes

Phylum: Chordata

Distinguishing Features: jawed, paired fins, skeleton made of cartilage, no ribs (if they leave water, their body weight will crush their internal organs), no bone marrow - spleen makes RBC's, skin covered with dermal teeth, breath through 5-7 gills, mostly live births.

Examples: Saw Shark, Guitar Fish, Torpedo Electric Ray - can generate up to 200 volts!!

Video: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Si76DghMIkA

---

FC and AT

Reptilia

Phylum/Common Name	Class	Distinguishing features	examples
Reptile/Crawling- tiles	Reptilia	• lay eggs (protected by amnion) • reptiles incubate their eggs in sand, dirt or gravel while amphibians incubate their eggs solely in water • not mammal or bird • tetrapod vertebrate • ectotherm • scales (horny epidermis) creates a watertight seal and protects from drying out. This is the reason reptiles can live on land, unlike amphibians • dinosaurs were part of the reptile class before extinction •3 or 4 chambered heart •5 toes •lungs instead of gills (can breath on land)	Boa Constrictor <http://dangerousanimalswallpapers.blogspot.com/2013/01/cobra-snake-latest-hd-desktop.html> Crocodiles <http://www.serengetibook.com/crocodile-gallery/>

source of information:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reptile#Skin

http://www.animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu

http://www.entomology.cornell.edu/cals/entomology

The Venom Chronicles: Platypus Tales | Inside NOVA | PBS

This article talks about the venom of the platypus. An example of
coevolution of venom similar to a reptile. Very cool.

http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/insidenova/2011/03/the-venom-chronicles-platypus-tales.html

Chordata, Aves

Common name: birds

Description:

Endothermic

Vertebrate

Feathered

Winged

Egg laying

Light weight, strong skeleton

4 chambered heart

Beak, no teeth

Examples: penguin, peacock, flamingos

http://m.youtube.com/watch?v=ep6vmpcUQR8

Cartilaginous fishes

Cartilage is stiffer and less flexible than muscle, and is not as hard or rigid as bones. It does not heal.

Sci name:

Chondrichthyes

Common name: cartilaginous fishes.

Sharks are one example of cartilaginous fishes.

They do not have ribs; thus, if they went outside water their own body weight would crush them.

Thick skin.

Teeth evolved from sharp bony plates around their head, differently from other teeth:

No parental care after birth.

One example is the basking shark:

Another is the megalodon:

sources: https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj1buKJEElYgMhDV3l5MOU5bEN0EaSMg_Xf2hAryDb44435Ww3lKPC7PcgzccQEchN9Zx8WwBWjYg0JRgq_7y8PAaPRmdzQRYabaPtMT5shkH4MkuDquVI57HRGBcQQMTQRBHXxefLp3ns/s1600/basking_shark_mouth.jpg

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9e/VMNH_megalodon.jpg

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ee/Megalodon_tooth_great_white_shark_teeth_.jpg

Fwd: Chordata

---------- Forwarded message ----------
From: Keddy, Andrew <andrew.keddy@hanovernorwichschools.org>
Date: Thu, May 30, 2013 at 9:36 AM
Subject: Chordata
To: thermanson1.vertabrates@blogger.com

This group includes a large group of vertebrates. Some examples of chordates are sharks and frogs. All chordata have at some point these four attributes. Pharyngeal slits are slits in the neck and are often used as gills. A dorsal nerve cord is a group of nerve fibers along the back. A notochord which is rod running underneath and supports the spine. Finally the post anal tail which is an extension of the body past the anal opening.

Information

http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/chordata/chordata.html

Picture:

http://eol.org/pages/694/overview

Fwd: Agnatha

Common Name: 'No Jaws'

jawless, no paired fins, notochord (flexible rod-shaped body found in chordates, supports nerve cord like spine), gill pouches, pineal eye (third eye, light sensitive), no identifiable stomach or appendages, cold blooded, external fertilization and development, cartilaginous skeleton (rather than bone)

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7Zyfr-TtUA8

Placentals

Mamalia Eutheria - Placentals/Placental Mammals

Distinguishing Features: Mammals that give birth to live young, and the fetus develops in the mother's uterus. The placenta nourishes the fetus until it is born.

Placental mammals differ from marsupials in that the placentae of marsupials does not last as long nor is as significant to the nourishment of the fetus.

Examples: Armadillo, Whales, Humans

Kelsey Smith, Erika Smith, Sammie Westelman

Placental Mammals

Mamalia Eutheria - Placentals/Placental Mammals

Distinguishing Features: Mammals that give birth to live young, and the fetus develops in the mother's uterus. The placenta nourishes the fetus until it is born.

Placental mammals differ from marsupials in that the placentae of marsupials does not last as long nor is as significant to the nourishment of the fetus.

Examples: Armadillo, Whales, Humans

http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Notes/images/placenta/plMembraneW450.jpg

Kelsey Smith, Erika Smith, Sammie Westelman

Chordata/Bony Fish

Bony fish are a class in the phylum group chordata. They have rather bony skeletons rather than cartilaginous skeletons. They are the largest class of vertebrates in existence today. All bony fish posses gills as their sole or main means of respiration. Bone fishes are primitively cold blooded. Bony fish are covered in overlapping scales across their bodies. They also can see in color.

Re: Marsupials

our information source was http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsupial

On Thu, May 30, 2013 at 9:32 AM, Spinella, Megan <megan.spinella@hanovernorwichschools.org> wrote:

Sources: Image- http://animals.nationalgeographic.com/animals/mammals/gray-kangaroo/
Information-

Marsupials are of the mamalia class within the phylum of Chordata. This means they share the mamalian characteristics of being endothermic, having three middle ear bones and having mammary glands. What distinguishes marsupials from other mammals is that they give birth to undeveloped young and carry them in their pouch which contains multiple nipples and provides protection and sustenance for the young. Other characteristics are marsupials' ossified patellae are not present, the epipubic bones are present, and they have a gross lack of communication between the right and left hemispheres of their brain.

Common examples are kangaroos, koalas, and possums.

Marsupials

Sources: Image- http://animals.nationalgeographic.com/animals/mammals/gray-kangaroo/

Information-

Marsupials are of the mamalia class within the phylum of Chordata. This means they share the mamalian characteristics of being endothermic, having three middle ear bones and having mammary glands. What distinguishes marsupials from other mammals is that they give birth to undeveloped young and carry them in their pouch which contains multiple nipples and provides protection and sustenance for the young. Other characteristics are marsupials' ossified patellae are not present, the epipubic bones are present, and they have a gross lack of communication between the right and left hemispheres of their brain.

Common examples are kangaroos, koalas, and possums.

Mamalia: Monotremes

Monotremes are mammals that lay eggs rather than giving birth to their offspring. "Monotreme" literally means "single hole," which refers to the cloaca. Monotremes have less developed thermoregulation than other mammals. Examples include platypuses and echidnas, which means "spiny anteater."

http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tachyglossus_aculeatus_side_on.jpg

Amphibian--both life

Live in terrestrial, fossorial, arboreal, or fresh water ecosystem.
Require water for reproduction
Go through metamorphosis
Cold blooded
Examples: frog, salamander, road, newt